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Impregnated carbon, as an efficient material for pollution control, finds widespread applications across various fields.
This article will particularly focus on the classification of impregnated activated carbon, delving into its physical and chemical properties, as well as the differences in practical applications among various classifications.
What is Impregnation in Activated Carbon?
Activated carbon itself has a catalytic oxygen effect.
Surface impregnation involves the fine distribution of chemical substances and metal particles on the surface of activated carbon pores for chemical modification.
This process can enhance desulfurization performance, improve catalytic activity, and increase conversion efficiency.
What are the types of impregnated activated carbon？
Impregnated activated carbon can be classified based on the impregnating solution into various types. Here are some common types of impregnated activated carbon:
Acidic Impregnated Carbon
Impregnating acidic compounds can improve the surface properties of activated carbon, enhancing its adsorption capacity for alkaline substances. Common acid compounds in impregnating solutions include:
- Nitric acid (HNO₃)
- Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Hydrofluoric acid (HF)
Alkaline Impregnated Carbon
Impregnating alkaline compounds can enhance the adsorption capacity of activated carbon for acidic substances. Common alkaline compounds in impregnating solutions include:
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Potassium iodide (KI)
- Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃)
- Ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃)
Oxidized Impregnated Carbon
Impregnating activated carbon with oxidants significantly improves the removal of small molecular toxins such as cyanogen chloride and hydrogen cyanide. Common oxidants in impregnating solutions include:
- Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)
- Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)
- Nitric acid (HNO₃)
- Sodium persulfate (Na₂S₂O₈)
Metal Impregnated Carbon
Impregnating activated carbon with copper, chromium, silver, and oxide catalysts enhances its ability to remove small molecular toxins like cyanogen chloride and hydrogen cyanide. Common metal salts and ions in impregnating solutions include:
- Copper (Cu)
- Silver (Ag)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Chromium (Cr)
Organic Compound Impregnated Carbon
Impregnating activated carbon with organic compounds can improve its hydrophilicity and oleophilicity, adapting it to different application environments. Common organic substances in impregnating solutions include:
- Acetone, methanol, ethanol, xylene
- Triethylenediamine(TEDA)
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What are the uses of impregnated carbon?
Removal of Sulfuric Gases
Common acidic gases include H₂S, SO₂, and mercaptans, which not only harm human health but also pollute the environment and corrode industrial equipment in humid and hot conditions.
Impregnated activated carbon, often processed by immersing granular or extruded activated carbon in an alkaline solution, is commonly seen with 4mm KOH impregnated activated carbon.
This product is used for the purification of raw gas in chemical raw materials, synthesis gas in the chemical industry, gas for pharmaceutical industry, carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen for beverage production, as well as purification, separation, and refining of chlorine gas, hydrogen chloride, ethylene, acetylene, cracking gas, inert gases, and exhaust gas from atomic facilities.
Hydrogen sulfide gas removal; oxidized gas adsorption in PTA plant, etc.
Mercury Control
Mercury is one of the harmful air pollutants that not only causes harm to human organs but also pollutes the environment.
Major sources of atmospheric mercury emissions include coal-fired power plants and urban waste incinerators. By introducing impregnating agents such as sulfur, iodine, and chlorine on the surface of activated carbon, mercury can be effectively adsorbed and converted into stable mercuric sulfide.
Drinking Water Purification and Antimicrobial Properties
Silver-impregnated activated carbon is widely used in water treatment processes to eliminate bacteria and prevent microbial contamination. It helps disinfect water by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Legionella.
Removal of Ammonia and Alkaline Gases
Ammonia and alkaline gases like amines not only contribute to environmental pollution but also pose significant health risks to humans. Impregnated activated carbon can enhance its adsorption capacity for ammonia by coating the surface with certain chemicals, such as amino compounds or metal oxides.
Removal of Radioactive Iodine and Organic Iodides
Compared to other radioactive nuclides in exhaust gas, the production of radioactive iodine is large and may cause significant harm. The most commonly used impregnating agents are potassium iodide and triethylenediamine, which can effectively increase the efficiency of activated carbon in adsorbing and removing radioactive methyl iodide.
Removal of Arsenic From Water
Arsenic in drinking water poses one of the greatest threats to human health. Iron-impregnated activated carbon exhibits significant adsorption effects on arsenic in water.
Treatment of Dyeing Wastewater
Dyeing wastewater is a complex, high-concentration organic wastewater, and a focus of environmental governance.
Activated carbon used for dyeing wastewater treatment has a highly developed pore structure, deep color, and is slightly alkaline.
Copper nitrate is the best catalyst for catalytic oxidation of dyeing wastewater in the presence of activated carbon, effectively improving the conversion rate of organic matter.
Protection against HCN, CNCL
HCN and CNCl possess lethal toxicity to human health and can easily disperse in the air. Impregnated activated carbon can be employed to shield individuals from the harmful effects of cyanide and other toxic gases. It adsorbs toxic substances, ensuring a safe respiratory environment for individuals.
Conclusion
Through the introduction in this article, you should have gained a deeper understanding of the classification of impregnated activated carbon and its significance in practical applications.
When choosing activated carbon, the type of activated carbon and the type of impregnating agent are crucial factors in determining the sulfur capacity of impregnated carbon.
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FAQ
What are the advantages of impregnated activated carbon?
Impregnated activated carbon has high desulfurization accuracy, high sulfur capacity, mild operating conditions, wide applicability, low energy consumption, and no secondary pollution.
How is Impregnated carbon made?
The manufacturing of impregnated carbon involves selecting raw activated carbon, coming into contact with specific impregnating agents (such as metal salts or oxidizing agents), allowing the impregnating agent to penetrate the interior of the activated carbon, and then undergoing a drying process.
This process adjusts the properties of the activated carbon to suit various applications, such as water treatment or gas purification.
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